(using this model): V_CE(sat) ≈ 1.15V at 25°C.
Mastering the TIP32C: A Deep Dive into Its SPICE Model for Accurate Power Simulation tip32c spice model
Component Modeling / Power Electronics If you’ve ever designed a medium-power switching circuit, linear regulator, or audio amplifier, you’ve likely encountered the TIP32C . As the PNP complement to the famous NPN TIP31C, this workhorse TO-220 transistor is ubiquitous. (using this model): V_CE(sat) ≈ 1