[7] Maes, R. (2019). Biometric Authentication on Smart Cards . Springer.
[4] European Commission. (2023). Delegated Regulation on electronic freight transport information (eFTI). driver smart card bps n99
[8] BPS Consortium Whitepaper (2025). "Biometric Payment & Security – Architecture Version 2.1." Available upon request. [7] Maes, R
[5] NIST SP 800-157 – Guidelines for Derived Personal Identity Verification (PIV) Credentials. Springer
| Type | Example | Weakness | |------|---------|-----------| | Magnetic stripe | Fuel cards, old license cards | Easily cloned, no biometric | | Passive RFID | Toll tags | No driver authentication | | ELD + password | Electronic logging device with PIN | PIN sharing, shoulder surfing |
Biometric smart cards have been deployed in national IDs (e.g., India’s Aadhaar-based cards, Malaysia’s MyKad) but rarely for professional drivers with daily rugged use. The borrows from financial EMVCo security requirements and adds driver‑specific attributes (license class, medical validity, hazardous materials endorsement).
[2] ISO/IEC 24787:2018 – Information technology – On‑card biometric comparison.
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